ARTH 21700 – British Art and Architecture I: 1066-1660 (LA)
The study of art and architecture provides us with valuable insights into the history and culture of a particular time period. One such course that delves into the rich artistic heritage of Britain is ARTH 21700 – British Art and Architecture I: 1066-1660 (LA). In this course, students explore the captivating journey of British art and architecture from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the Restoration in 1660. It is a fascinating exploration of how art and architecture evolved over the centuries, reflecting the political, social, and cultural changes that shaped England.
Historical Context: England from 1066-1660
To fully comprehend the art and architecture of this period, it is essential to understand the historical context in which they emerged. The Norman Conquest of 1066 marked a significant turning point in English history. With it came the introduction of new artistic influences, particularly from France, that would leave an indelible mark on British art and architecture.
The Medieval period witnessed the dominance of Gothic architecture in England. Magnificent cathedrals and churches adorned the landscape, showcasing the grandeur and spirituality of the era. The intricate stone carvings, soaring arches, and stained glass windows exemplified the craftsmanship and devotion of the time.
As the Renaissance swept across Europe, it also made its presence felt in Britain. The revival of classical ideas and a renewed interest in humanism had a profound impact on British art. Artists and architects drew inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman designs, giving rise to a unique blend of styles.
Early British Art: The Romanesque and Gothic Styles
The early period of British art and architecture witnessed the transition from the Romanesque style to the soaring heights of Gothic architecture. Romanesque art and architecture, characterized by thick walls, small windows, and rounded arches, can be seen in the remains of castles and abbeys such as Durham Cathedral and Tintagel Castle.
Gothic architecture, with its pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, reached its pinnacle in the construction of magnificent cathedrals like Canterbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. These structures showcased the innovative engineering and the spiritual aspirations of the time.
The Tudor period, spanning from the late 15th century to the early 17th century, was a time of significant artistic and architectural developments in England. The reigns of Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, and other Tudor monarchs left a lasting impact on the art world.
Under the patronage of Henry VIII, art flourished in England. The king himself was an avid collector and commissioned numerous portraits and tapestries. The art of this period often reflected the opulence and power of the monarchy.
One of the notable architectural marvels of the Tudor period is Hampton Court Palace. Expanded and renovated by Henry VIII, the palace showcased the Tudor style with its grand halls, exquisite gardens, and intricate decorations. It served as a testament to the wealth and splendor of the Tudor dynasty.
The Elizabethan era, named after Queen Elizabeth I, saw a flourishing of art and literature. The iconic portrait paintings of the queen, such as the “Darnley Portrait” and the “Rainbow Portrait,” exemplify the artistic achievements of this period. Elizabethan architecture also embraced elements of Renaissance and Tudor styles, creating a distinct aesthetic.
The Stuart period, following the Tudor dynasty, witnessed further advancements in art and architecture. The early part of this period is known as the Jacobean era, characterized by a fusion of Renaissance and traditional English styles.
Inigo Jones, one of the prominent architects of the time, played a pivotal role in introducing classical architecture to England. His design for the Queen’s House in Greenwich, featuring a symmetrical facade and elegant proportions, marked a shift towards the Palladian style.
Another notable architectural masterpiece of the Jacobean era is the Banqueting House in Whitehall, London. Designed by Inigo Jones, it stands as a testament to the grandeur and magnificence of the period. Its impressive ceiling paintings by Peter Paul Rubens add a touch of artistic splendor.
The Caroline era, named after King Charles I, witnessed a continuation of Jacobean architectural styles. The art and architecture of this period were characterized by intricate ornamentation, elaborate details, and a sense of grandeur.
The English Civil War, which erupted in the mid-17th century, had a profound impact on art and architecture in England. The conflict between Parliamentarians and Royalists resulted in the destruction and transformation of many buildings.
The rise of Puritanism during this period also had implications for artistic expression. Puritans disapproved of elaborate decorations and considered them distractions from religious devotion. As a result, many artworks and architectural embellishments were destroyed or removed.
However, the Civil War also paved the way for a new era in British art and architecture. The post-war period saw a shift towards simpler, more restrained designs influenced by Puritan ideals.